Study on polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans in rivers and estuaries in Osaka Bay in Japan

In order to search the source of polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in blue mussel in Osaka bay, sediments from Osaka bay and from rivers running near an urban municipal incinerator were analysed for PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs. The river and estuary sediments were all found to be contaminated with PCDDs at average levels of 9.8 and 12ppb on the dry basis, PCDFs of 7.8 and 5.1 ppb, and PCBs of 1600 and 1300ppb, respectively. The two sediments contained similar profiles of specific isomers and congeners of PCDDs and PCDFs with each other. In addition, there was observed positive close correlations between PCDD and PCDF levels in the two specimens as well as fly ash from urban municipal incinerators. These allow the conclusion that the main source of the two chemicals in Osaka bay is fly ash from waste incineration.     

Metal binding capacity of soft acid,organic‐rich waters

Organic carbon from one stream and two ponds in South Carolina was fractionated into five nominal molecular diameter fractions by ultrafiltration. The concentrations associated with and binding capacity for Ca, Cd, Cu and Pb were determined for each fraction. The distribution of organic carbon among ultrafilter fractions varied from water to water, with the largest percentage occurring in the smaller fractions. Calcium was associated with each of the fractions isolated from each of the three waters, indicating Ca is bound to organics in all fractions, however, more than 99% of the Ca which passed the smallest ultrafilter was removed by cationic exchange resin. Each fraction bound more Ca than Cd, Cu or Pb except in a few cases where Pb binding was greater. All of the organic fractions had their Ca++ binding sites saturated. Calcium was not an effective competitive ion against Cd, Cu or Pb for organic binding sites. The total Cu binding capacity was less than that of Ca or Pb but similar to that of Cd. Naturally occurring organics bound more Pb than Cd or Cu but less than Ca. Saturation of Cu binding sites was less than 20% in most ultrafilter fractions except that with a nominal molecular weight of between 10,000 and 300,000 where the percent of saturation was as much as 60%. Approximately 50% of the Cu was removed onto anionic exchange resin in two waters while more than 90% was removed from water with a high organic content. Percent saturation of Cd and Pb binding sites ranged from 0.091% to 5.4% and 0.059% to 1.5%, respectively. All ions tested effectively competed with Cd, Cu or Pb for some but not all binding sites, indicating that organic binding sites were heterogeneous. A generalized order of metal‐organic stabilities based on competition for binding sites is Al>Cd>Pb>Cu>Ni = Mg=Zn = Mn>Ca. Both Cd+2 and Al+3 effectively out competed Pb++ and Cd and Pb out competed Cu for most organic binding sites.     

北部湾文蛤对石油烃和多氯联苯的氧化应激响应

为探讨海域现场双壳类动物对有机污染物积累的抗氧化响应,在北部湾潮间带11个采样点采集文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)样品,测定其软组织中w(TPHs)(TPHs为石油烃)、w(PCBs)(PCBs为多氯联苯)以及鳃、内脏中GSH(还原型谷胱甘肽),GSSG(氧化型谷胱甘肽)、SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)、CAT(过氧化氢酶)、GPx(谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)、GST(谷胱甘肽转硫酶)、TBARS(硫代巴比妥酸反应物)7种氧化应激物的水平,分析其空间分布特征,并进行有机污染物含量与氧化应激物响应值之间的相关性分析. 结果表明:文蛤软组织中w(TPHs)和w(PCBs)分别为78.22~300.71μg/g和4.23~26.68ng/g,最大值均出现在S10采样点(防城港西湾);内脏中CAT活性较高,其他氧化应激物均在鳃中有较高水平. 与对照采样点S1(湛江流沙湾)相比,S2、S3、S6、S10、S11等5个采样点文蛤组织内SOD、CAT、GST、GPx、GSH水平较低;大多数采样点文蛤鳃中w(GSSG)较低,而S3、S4、S6、S7、S9、S11等6个采样点文蛤内脏中w(GSSG)较高;大多数采样点文蛤组织中TBARS含量较低,表明其抗氧化防御机能尚未丧失. TPHs显著抑制文蛤鳃中的w(GSSG) (R=-0.64,P<0.05),PCBs显著抑制文蛤鳃中的GPx(R=-0.72,P<0.05)和GST(R=-0.72,P<0.05)的活性,表明w(GSSG)及GPx和GST的活性可作为指示北部湾有机污染的生物标志物.      

西安城区大气中多氯联苯的气粒分配研究

为了解西安城区大气中多氯联苯(PCBs)的气粒分配规律,于2012年春季对西安城区大气中气态和颗粒态样品进行每周一次的主动采样.结果表明,西安城区大气中PCBs的总浓度(气态和颗粒态)为62.05~454.18pg/m3,主要以气态为主.由Clausius-Clapeyron方程得到的斜率较陡(-5193.24),表明春季大气中的PCBs主要受西安城区附近地面挥发释放的影响.PCBs的气粒分配系数(KP)与过冷饱和蒸汽压(PoL)高度相关,由logKP和logPoL线性回归得到的斜率mr(-0.46~-0.37)均高于平衡状态理论值-1,说明西安城区大气中的PCBs气粒分配尚未达到平衡状态.采用Junge-Pankow吸附模型和Harner-Bidleman吸收模型对PCBs颗粒态百分比(φ)及KP进行了模拟,结果显示两种模型均较好地预测了PCBs的气粒分配行为,但与实验测得的值相比,两种模型均高估了φ值及KP值.     

Organochlorines in the surface sediments of the Bahiret el Bibane lagoon (Tunisia,Southwestern Mediterranean Sea)

Organochlorines (including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) were analysed in 10 surface sediment samples collected from the Bahiret el Bibane lagoon, which is one of the most productive lagoons and one of the most important active commercial fish traps in the southern Tunisia. The aim was to obtain information concerning the recent deposition of these compounds in this area, together with the levels, the distribution and any potential biological risk. Total concentrations of OCPs and PCBs in the sediments ranged from below the limit of detection (?1 and from 29.5 to 88.2?ng?g^?1?dw, respectively. The spatial distribution of PCBs suggested that the sources of these contaminants are probably located outside the lagoon and are transported by water currents and atmospheric deposition. Compared with some other regions of the world, the Bahiret el Bibane lagoon exhibited low to moderate levels of PCBs and OCPs. According to established sediment quality guidelines, PCBs and Lindane at most of the study sites would be more concerned for the ecotoxicological risk in the Bahiret el Bibane lagoon. The results of this study could provide a useful aid for the sustainable marine management of the region.     

青岛近海沉积物PCBs的水平与垂直分布及贝类污染

利用13C同位素内标法及气相色谱-质谱方法对青岛胶州湾内外8个表层沉积物,1个沉积物柱状岩心和2个贝类样品中包括14种共平面PCBs在内的50种PCBs同系物含量进行了测定,在所有样品中均检测出了PCBs化合物.讨论了PCBs的分布特征.表层样品以胶州湾东岸的含量最高,从北岸、西岸、胶州湾口及胶州湾外PCBs含量逐渐降低.表层沉积物中总PCBs含量在0.65～32.9ng/g dw. PCBs总含量落在国内外海洋近岸表层沉积物含量范围的中值区.表明污染来源有城市污水排放及大气来源2种,而不属于工业污染类型.多氯联苯主要以低氯取代PCBs为主,大部分高氯取代PCBs的含量低于检出限.柱状样中共平面PCBs的含量及毒性当量浓度总的垂直变化趋势是从1951年到现在逐渐减少.贝类样品的总PCBs含量为4.9～8.4ng/g dw,属低污染水平.     

珠江广州段水体、沉积物及底栖生物中的多氯联苯

对珠江广州江段水体、沉积物及底栖生物体内多氯联苯有机污染物进行了初步的调查研究.结果表明,广州江段7个样点水体中多氯联苯类有机污染物平均含量为2.3ng/L,各点含量无显著差异;沉积物中多氯联苯类有机污染物平均含量为31.52g/kg,各点有显著差异,其中以广州江段南航道y03样点最高,达65.31g/kg;底栖生物体内多氯联苯含量平均为181.77g/kg,其中也以y03样点最高,达317.37g/kg.多氯联苯在水体、沉积物及生物体3者之间存在明显的富集和放大作用.     

长江口东滩湿地柱状沉积物中多氯联苯的分布和变化趋势

采用同位素稀释质谱法,用高分辨率气相色谱-高分辨率质谱仪(HRGC-HRMS)对长江口崇明东滩湿地柱状沉积物30个层段中7种指示性多氯联苯(PCB28,PCB52,PCB101,PCB118,PCB153,PCB138和PCB180)的含量进行了测定. 结合近几十年长江下游气候变化情况,对PCBs垂直分布历史记录特征以及异构体的物理化学性质参数进行了探讨. 结果表明,w(PCBs)为0.138～0.400 ng/g(以干质量计,下同),平均值为0.228 ng/g,属于轻度污染. 东滩沉积物中PCBs呈现明显的周期性分布,在20世纪50年代初期开始快速增长,高峰期出现在70年代,之后呈减少趋势,反映了世界主要生产国家禁止生产PCBs的情况.      

洞庭湖及入湖河流中209种多氯联苯同类物分布特征与风险评估

为全面了解洞庭湖水域多氯联苯(PCBs)的污染情况,采用同位素稀释-高分辨质谱法对洞庭湖及入湖河流共21处表层水进行了 209种PCB同类物测定分析结果表明,共检出50种PCB同类物,ρ(∑ PCBs)在0.077～10 ng·L-1之间,平均值为2.7ng·L-1,中值为1.9 ng·L-1,污染浓度为:入湖河流＞湖...     

典型污染地区底泥和土壤中残留多氯联苯（PCBs）的情况调查

为了解PCBs在生态系统中的分布,利用毛细管气相色谱对受PCBs污染地区的土壤、底泥进行实际环境样品的调查。在底泥和土壤样品中测定近50个同属物的含量,并对其分市规律进行了探讨。指出在实际环境样品中PCBs的同属物分布和工业产品有明显不同。通过不同深度底泥样品测定,证明PCBs在底泥中的渗透作用较弱。